Ḥarb al-Ma‘lūmāt: Geopolítica de los canales de información árabes después de las sublevaciones de 2011
Las sublevaciones populares en la región de Medio Oriente representaron un momento de cambio político en todos los países árabes tanto a nivel nacional como en términos de equilibrio en la geopolítica regional. En el análisis de estos eventos se dio particular relevancia a la agencia de medios de comunicaciones tradicionales y digitales. El canal satelital Al Jazeera en árabe jugó un papel relevante en la propagación de las protestas en diferentes países de la región, tanto por su extensa cobertura de los acontecimientos como por la credibilidad que había ganado entre la población desde su fundación en 1996. Pero la posición del canal respecto a las protestas, y el uso de diferentes enfoques según el país, lo llevaron a perder una parte imp... Ver más
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Ḥarb al-Ma‘lūmāt: Geopolítica de los canales de información árabes después de las sublevaciones de 2011 Jones, M. (2017). Hacking, bots and information wars in the Qatar spat, in The Qatar Crisis. Pomeps Briefing, 31. Painter, J. (2008). Counter-Hegemonic News: A Case Study of Al-Jazeera English and Telesur. Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, University of Oxford. Nye, J. (2004). Soft power: The means to success in world politics. Public Affairs. Nye, J. (1990). Soft power. Foreign Policy, 80. Matar, D. y Achcar, G. (2012). Arab uprisings: Geopolitics, strategies and adjustment. Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication, 5, 7-14. Lahlali, M. (2011). Contemporary Arab Broadcast Media. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Lynch, M. (2005). Voices of the New Arab Public: Iraq, Al-Jazeera, and Middle East Politics Today. New York: Columbia University Press. Kupchan, F. (2012). No One’s World: The West, the Rising Rest, and the Coming Global Turn. New York: Oxford University Press. Kraidy, M. (2002). Arab satellite television between regionalization and globalization. Global Media Journal, 1 (Issue 1). Khatib, L. (2013). Qatar foreign policy: The limits of pragmatism. International Affairs, 89 (2), 417-431. Jones, A., Kovacich, G. y Luzwick, A. (2002). Global Information Warfare: How Businesses, Governments, and Others Achieve Objectives and Attain Competitive Advantages. Auerbach Publications. Powers, S. (2009). The geopolitics of the news: The case of the Al Jazeera network. Doctoral dissertation. University of Southern California. Hashem, A. (2012, 3 de abril). The Arab Spring has shaken Arab TV’s credibility. The Guardian. Recuperado de http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2012/apr/03/arab-spring-arabtv-credibility Gilboa, E. (2005). The CNN Effect: The Search for a Communication Theory of International Relations. Political Communication, 22 (1), 27-44. Figenschou, T. (2014). Al-Jazeera and the global media landscape: The South is talking back. London - New York: Routledge. Fahmy, S. y Wanta, W. (2012). Mediated public diplomacy: Satellite TV news in the Arab world and perception effects. International Communication Gazzette, 74 (Issue 8). Erdbrink, T. (2011, 14 de mayo). Al Jazeera TV network draws criticism, praise for coverage of Arab revolutions. The Washington Post. Recuperado de https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/al-jazeera-tv-network-draws-criticism-praise-forcoverage-of-arab-revolutions/2011/05/08/AFo-HWs2G_story.html?utm_term=.40c2266389c5 El-Nawawy, M. y Powers, S. (2009). News influence and the global media sphere: A case study of Al-Jazeera english, in Allan The Routledge Companion to news and journalism. London - New York: Routledge. Di Ricco, M. (2012). The arab spring is a Latin American winter: TeleSUR’s ‘Ideological Approach’ and the breakaway from the Al-Jazeera network. Global Media Journal, 2 (1). Dennis, E., Martin J. y Wood, R. (2017). Media use in the middle east 2017: A seven-nation survey. Qatar: Northwestern University. Cull, N. (2009). Diplomacia pública: consideraciones teóricas. Revista Mexicana de Política Exterior, 85. Pala, O. y Aras, B. (2015). Practical geopolitical reasoning in the turkish and qatari foreign policy on the Arab Spring. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 17 (3), 286-302. Powers, S. y Gilboa (2007). The Public Diplomacy of Al Jazeera. En Seib, P. (ed.), New Media and the New Middle East. US: Palgrave Macmillan US. Bruce, M. (2014). Framing Arab Spring conflict: A visual analysis of coverage on five transnational arab news channels. Journal of Middle East Media, 10, 1. Xie, S. y Boyd-Barrett, O. (2015). External-National TV News Networks’ Way to America: Is the United States Losing the Global “Information War”? International Journal of Communication, 9, 66-83. Text http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess http://purl.org/coar/version/c_970fb48d4fbd8a85 info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion http://purl.org/redcol/resource_type/ARTREF http://purl.org/coar/resource_type/c_6501 info:eu-repo/semantics/article UNESCO (1980). El informe MacBride: un mundo, muchas voces - Comunicación y sociedad, hoy y mañana. México: FCE. Roberts, D. (2017). Qatar, the Ikhwan, and transnational relations in the Gulf, in The Qatar Crisis. Pomeps Briefing, 31. The Economist (2013, 12 de enero). Al Jazeera: Must Do Better. Recuperado de http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21569429-arabs-premier-television-network-bids-americanviewers-must-do-better Telhami, S. (2011). The 2011 Arab Public Opinion Poll. Maryland University. Schleifer, A. (2013, 21 de agosto). How Al Jazeera skews its coverage of Egypt. Al Arabiya English. Recuperado de https://english.alarabiya.net/en/views/media/2013/08/21/How-Al-Jazeeraskews- its-coverage-of-Egypt.html Sultan, N. (2013). Al Jazeera: Reflections on the Arab Spring. Journal of Arabian Studies: Arabia, the Gulf, and the Red Sea, 3 (2), 249-264. Seib, P. (2009) News and Foreign Policy: Defining Influence, Balancing power, in Allan The Routledge Companion to news and journalism. London - New York: Routledge. Seib, P. (1997). Headline Diplomacy: How News Coverage Affects Foreign Policy. Westport: Praeger. Samuel-Azran, T. (2013). Al-Jazeera, Qatar, and new tactics in state-sponsored media diplomacy. American Behavioral Scientist, 57(9), 1293-1311. Salloukh, B. F. (2013). The Arab Uprisings and the Geopolitics of the Middle East. The International Spectator, 48 (2), 32-46. Salama, V. (2012, 20 de mayo). AlJazeera’s (r)evolution? Jadaliyya. Recuperado de http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/5610/aljazeeras(r)evolution Robertson, A. (2015). Global News. Reporting Conflicts and Cosmopolitanism. New York: Peter Lang. Cherkaoui, T. (2014). Al Jazeera’s Changing Editorial Perspectives and the Saudi-Qatari Relationship. The Political Economy of Communication, 2 (1). Cerami, C. (2013). Rethinking turkey’s soft power in the arab world: Islam, secularism, and democracy. Journal of Levantine Studies, 3 (2), 129-150. Booth, R. (2010). WikiLeaks cables claim al-Jazeera changed coverage to suit Qatari foreign policy. The Guardian. Recuperado de https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/05/wikileakscables-al-jazeera-qatari-foreign-policy https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/oasis/article/view/5329 Las sublevaciones populares en la región de Medio Oriente representaron un momento de cambio político en todos los países árabes tanto a nivel nacional como en términos de equilibrio en la geopolítica regional. En el análisis de estos eventos se dio particular relevancia a la agencia de medios de comunicaciones tradicionales y digitales. El canal satelital Al Jazeera en árabe jugó un papel relevante en la propagación de las protestas en diferentes países de la región, tanto por su extensa cobertura de los acontecimientos como por la credibilidad que había ganado entre la población desde su fundación en 1996. Pero la posición del canal respecto a las protestas, y el uso de diferentes enfoques según el país, lo llevaron a perder una parte importante de su audiencia. Por esta razón las sublevaciones, además de ciertos cambios geopolíticos relevantes, llevaron a una reconfiguración del ecosistema mediático de la región, con el establecimiento de nuevos medios informativos y la conformación de un espacio donde diferentes canales de información satelital, en su gran mayoría vinculados con países o actores políticos de la región, lucharon para promocionar su visión sobre los acontecimientos políticos en Medio Oriente. Esa condición ha llevado a la configuración de una nueva geopolítica de la información, en estrecha relación con los equilibrios de poder cambiantes a nivel de política regional. La reflexión sobre la relación entre geopolítica e información abre interrogantes acerca del futuro rol de estos canales como herramientas de política exterior de los principales actores en las disputas geopolíticas. Di Rico, Massimo canales de información satelital poder blando Primavera Árabe geopolítica de los medios diplomacia pública. 27 Núm. 27 , Año 2018 : Enero-Junio Artículo de revista text/html application/xml Facultad de Finanzas, Gobierno y Relaciones Internacionales Oasis application/pdf Publication Ayish, M. (2002). Political communication on Arab world television: Evolving patterns. Political Communication, 19, 137-154. Español https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ Aras, B y Yorulmazlar, E. (2016). State, region and order: geopolitics of the Arab Spring. Third World Quarterly, 37 (12). Antwi-Boateng, O. (2013). The rise of Qatar as a soft power and the challenges. European Scientific Journal, 2 (Special Edition). Al Qassemi SS (2013,12 de julio). Al Jazeera’s awful week. Foreign Policy. Recuperado de http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/07/11/al_jazeera_egypt_qatar_mu Al Qassemi, S. (2012b, 2 de agosto). Breaking the Arab News. Foreign Policy. Recuperado de http://foreignpolicy.com/2012/08/02/breaking-thearab-news/ Al Qassemi S. (2012a, 1 de julio). Morsi’s win is Al Jazeera’s loss. Al Monitor. Recuperado de http://www.almonitor.com/pulse/originals/2012/almonitor/morsyswinisal jazeerasloss.html Al Arabiya English (2013,9 de julio). ‘We aired lies’: Al Jazeera staff quit over ‘misleading’ Egypt coverage. Recuperado de https://english.alarabiya.net/en/media/2013/07/09/Al-Jazeera-employees-in-Egypt-quit-over-editorial-line-.html Abdelmoula, E. (2015). Al Jazeera and democratization: the rise of the Arab public sphere. London and New York: Routledge. Al Abdeh, M. (2012, 4 de octubre). The Media War in Syria. Majalla Magazine. Recuperado de http://eng.majalla.com/2012/10/article55234370/themedia-war-in-syria Arab Spring The popular uprisings in the Middle East represented a moment of change in all Arab countries both at the national level and in terms of the regional geopolitical balance. In the analysis of these events particular importance was given to the influence of traditional and new digital media. The satellite news channel Al Jazeera in Arabic played an important role in the propagation of the uprising in the different countries of the region, both for its extensive coverage of the events, as well as for the credibility it had gained among the population since its establishment in 1996. But the position of the channel regarding the protests, and the use of different approaches according to the country, led it to lose an important part of its audience. For this reason, the upheavals, as well as the relevant geopolitical changes, also led to a reconfiguration of the region’s media ecosystem, with the establishment of new media and a more heterogeneous space where different satellite news channels, mainly linked to countries or political actors in the region, struggle to promote their views to an Arab audience. This new condition has led to the configuration of a new geopolitics of the information, parallel to the changing power balances at political level. A reflection on the relationship between geopolitics and information opens questions about the future role of these channels as foreign policy tools of the main actors in the geopolitical disputes. Satellite news channels soft power geopolitics of the media Journal article public diplomacy. H.arb al-Ma‘lūmāt: geopolitics of the Arab Information Channels After the Uprisings of 2011 2346-2132 87 https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/oasis/article/download/5329/6511 https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/oasis/article/download/5329/6692 https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/oasis/article/download/5329/8983 2018-05-08T00:00:00Z 2018-05-08T00:00:00Z 2018-05-08 67 https://doi.org/10.18601/16577558.n27.05 1657-7558 10.18601/16577558.n27.05 |
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UNIVERSIDAD EXTERNADO DE COLOMBIA |
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title |
Ḥarb al-Ma‘lūmāt: Geopolítica de los canales de información árabes después de las sublevaciones de 2011 |
spellingShingle |
Ḥarb al-Ma‘lūmāt: Geopolítica de los canales de información árabes después de las sublevaciones de 2011 Di Rico, Massimo canales de información satelital poder blando Primavera Árabe geopolítica de los medios diplomacia pública. Arab Spring Satellite news channels soft power geopolitics of the media public diplomacy. |
title_short |
Ḥarb al-Ma‘lūmāt: Geopolítica de los canales de información árabes después de las sublevaciones de 2011 |
title_full |
Ḥarb al-Ma‘lūmāt: Geopolítica de los canales de información árabes después de las sublevaciones de 2011 |
title_fullStr |
Ḥarb al-Ma‘lūmāt: Geopolítica de los canales de información árabes después de las sublevaciones de 2011 |
title_full_unstemmed |
Ḥarb al-Ma‘lūmāt: Geopolítica de los canales de información árabes después de las sublevaciones de 2011 |
title_sort |
ḥarb al-ma‘lūmāt: geopolítica de los canales de información árabes después de las sublevaciones de 2011 |
title_eng |
H.arb al-Ma‘lūmāt: geopolitics of the Arab Information Channels After the Uprisings of 2011 |
description |
Las sublevaciones populares en la región de Medio Oriente representaron un momento de cambio político en todos los países árabes tanto a nivel nacional como en términos de equilibrio en la geopolítica regional. En el análisis de estos eventos se dio particular relevancia a la agencia de medios de comunicaciones tradicionales y digitales. El canal satelital Al Jazeera en árabe jugó un papel relevante en la propagación de las protestas en diferentes países de la región, tanto por su extensa cobertura de los acontecimientos como por la credibilidad que había ganado entre la población desde su fundación en 1996. Pero la posición del canal respecto a las protestas, y el uso de diferentes enfoques según el país, lo llevaron a perder una parte importante de su audiencia. Por esta razón las sublevaciones, además de ciertos cambios geopolíticos relevantes, llevaron a una reconfiguración del ecosistema mediático de la región, con el establecimiento de nuevos medios informativos y la conformación de un espacio donde diferentes canales de información satelital, en su gran mayoría vinculados con países o actores políticos de la región, lucharon para promocionar su visión sobre los acontecimientos políticos en Medio Oriente. Esa condición ha llevado a la configuración de una nueva geopolítica de la información, en estrecha relación con los equilibrios de poder cambiantes a nivel de política regional. La reflexión sobre la relación entre geopolítica e información abre interrogantes acerca del futuro rol de estos canales como herramientas de política exterior de los principales actores en las disputas geopolíticas.
|
description_eng |
The popular uprisings in the Middle East represented a moment of change in all Arab countries both at the national level and in terms of the regional geopolitical balance. In the analysis of these events particular importance was given to the influence of traditional and new digital media. The satellite news channel Al Jazeera in Arabic played an important role in the propagation of the uprising in the different countries of the region, both for its extensive coverage of the events, as well as for the credibility it had gained among the population since its establishment in 1996. But the position of the channel regarding the protests, and the use of different approaches according to the country, led it to lose an important part of its audience. For this reason, the upheavals, as well as the relevant geopolitical changes, also led to a reconfiguration of the region’s media ecosystem, with the establishment of new media and a more heterogeneous space where different satellite news channels, mainly linked to countries or political actors in the region, struggle to promote their views to an Arab audience. This new condition has led to the configuration of a new geopolitics of the information, parallel to the changing power balances at political level. A reflection on the relationship between geopolitics and information opens questions about the future role of these channels as foreign policy tools of the main actors in the geopolitical disputes.
|
author |
Di Rico, Massimo |
author_facet |
Di Rico, Massimo |
topicspa_str_mv |
canales de información satelital poder blando Primavera Árabe geopolítica de los medios diplomacia pública. |
topic |
canales de información satelital poder blando Primavera Árabe geopolítica de los medios diplomacia pública. Arab Spring Satellite news channels soft power geopolitics of the media public diplomacy. |
topic_facet |
canales de información satelital poder blando Primavera Árabe geopolítica de los medios diplomacia pública. Arab Spring Satellite news channels soft power geopolitics of the media public diplomacy. |
citationissue |
27 |
citationedition |
Núm. 27 , Año 2018 : Enero-Junio |
publisher |
Facultad de Finanzas, Gobierno y Relaciones Internacionales |
ispartofjournal |
Oasis |
source |
https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/oasis/article/view/5329 |
language |
Español |
format |
Article |
rights |
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ |
references |
Jones, M. (2017). Hacking, bots and information wars in the Qatar spat, in The Qatar Crisis. Pomeps Briefing, 31. Painter, J. (2008). Counter-Hegemonic News: A Case Study of Al-Jazeera English and Telesur. Oxford: Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism, University of Oxford. Nye, J. (2004). Soft power: The means to success in world politics. Public Affairs. Nye, J. (1990). Soft power. Foreign Policy, 80. Matar, D. y Achcar, G. (2012). Arab uprisings: Geopolitics, strategies and adjustment. Middle East Journal of Culture and Communication, 5, 7-14. Lahlali, M. (2011). Contemporary Arab Broadcast Media. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. Lynch, M. (2005). Voices of the New Arab Public: Iraq, Al-Jazeera, and Middle East Politics Today. New York: Columbia University Press. Kupchan, F. (2012). No One’s World: The West, the Rising Rest, and the Coming Global Turn. New York: Oxford University Press. Kraidy, M. (2002). Arab satellite television between regionalization and globalization. Global Media Journal, 1 (Issue 1). Khatib, L. (2013). Qatar foreign policy: The limits of pragmatism. International Affairs, 89 (2), 417-431. Jones, A., Kovacich, G. y Luzwick, A. (2002). Global Information Warfare: How Businesses, Governments, and Others Achieve Objectives and Attain Competitive Advantages. Auerbach Publications. Powers, S. (2009). The geopolitics of the news: The case of the Al Jazeera network. Doctoral dissertation. University of Southern California. Hashem, A. (2012, 3 de abril). The Arab Spring has shaken Arab TV’s credibility. The Guardian. Recuperado de http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2012/apr/03/arab-spring-arabtv-credibility Gilboa, E. (2005). The CNN Effect: The Search for a Communication Theory of International Relations. Political Communication, 22 (1), 27-44. Figenschou, T. (2014). Al-Jazeera and the global media landscape: The South is talking back. London - New York: Routledge. Fahmy, S. y Wanta, W. (2012). Mediated public diplomacy: Satellite TV news in the Arab world and perception effects. International Communication Gazzette, 74 (Issue 8). Erdbrink, T. (2011, 14 de mayo). Al Jazeera TV network draws criticism, praise for coverage of Arab revolutions. The Washington Post. Recuperado de https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/al-jazeera-tv-network-draws-criticism-praise-forcoverage-of-arab-revolutions/2011/05/08/AFo-HWs2G_story.html?utm_term=.40c2266389c5 El-Nawawy, M. y Powers, S. (2009). News influence and the global media sphere: A case study of Al-Jazeera english, in Allan The Routledge Companion to news and journalism. London - New York: Routledge. Di Ricco, M. (2012). The arab spring is a Latin American winter: TeleSUR’s ‘Ideological Approach’ and the breakaway from the Al-Jazeera network. Global Media Journal, 2 (1). Dennis, E., Martin J. y Wood, R. (2017). Media use in the middle east 2017: A seven-nation survey. Qatar: Northwestern University. Cull, N. (2009). Diplomacia pública: consideraciones teóricas. Revista Mexicana de Política Exterior, 85. Pala, O. y Aras, B. (2015). Practical geopolitical reasoning in the turkish and qatari foreign policy on the Arab Spring. Journal of Balkan and Near Eastern Studies, 17 (3), 286-302. Powers, S. y Gilboa (2007). The Public Diplomacy of Al Jazeera. En Seib, P. (ed.), New Media and the New Middle East. US: Palgrave Macmillan US. Bruce, M. (2014). Framing Arab Spring conflict: A visual analysis of coverage on five transnational arab news channels. Journal of Middle East Media, 10, 1. Xie, S. y Boyd-Barrett, O. (2015). External-National TV News Networks’ Way to America: Is the United States Losing the Global “Information War”? International Journal of Communication, 9, 66-83. UNESCO (1980). El informe MacBride: un mundo, muchas voces - Comunicación y sociedad, hoy y mañana. México: FCE. Roberts, D. (2017). Qatar, the Ikhwan, and transnational relations in the Gulf, in The Qatar Crisis. Pomeps Briefing, 31. The Economist (2013, 12 de enero). Al Jazeera: Must Do Better. Recuperado de http://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21569429-arabs-premier-television-network-bids-americanviewers-must-do-better Telhami, S. (2011). The 2011 Arab Public Opinion Poll. Maryland University. Schleifer, A. (2013, 21 de agosto). How Al Jazeera skews its coverage of Egypt. Al Arabiya English. Recuperado de https://english.alarabiya.net/en/views/media/2013/08/21/How-Al-Jazeeraskews- its-coverage-of-Egypt.html Sultan, N. (2013). Al Jazeera: Reflections on the Arab Spring. Journal of Arabian Studies: Arabia, the Gulf, and the Red Sea, 3 (2), 249-264. Seib, P. (2009) News and Foreign Policy: Defining Influence, Balancing power, in Allan The Routledge Companion to news and journalism. London - New York: Routledge. Seib, P. (1997). Headline Diplomacy: How News Coverage Affects Foreign Policy. Westport: Praeger. Samuel-Azran, T. (2013). Al-Jazeera, Qatar, and new tactics in state-sponsored media diplomacy. American Behavioral Scientist, 57(9), 1293-1311. Salloukh, B. F. (2013). The Arab Uprisings and the Geopolitics of the Middle East. The International Spectator, 48 (2), 32-46. Salama, V. (2012, 20 de mayo). AlJazeera’s (r)evolution? Jadaliyya. Recuperado de http://www.jadaliyya.com/pages/index/5610/aljazeeras(r)evolution Robertson, A. (2015). Global News. Reporting Conflicts and Cosmopolitanism. New York: Peter Lang. Cherkaoui, T. (2014). Al Jazeera’s Changing Editorial Perspectives and the Saudi-Qatari Relationship. The Political Economy of Communication, 2 (1). Cerami, C. (2013). Rethinking turkey’s soft power in the arab world: Islam, secularism, and democracy. Journal of Levantine Studies, 3 (2), 129-150. Booth, R. (2010). WikiLeaks cables claim al-Jazeera changed coverage to suit Qatari foreign policy. The Guardian. Recuperado de https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/dec/05/wikileakscables-al-jazeera-qatari-foreign-policy Ayish, M. (2002). Political communication on Arab world television: Evolving patterns. Political Communication, 19, 137-154. Aras, B y Yorulmazlar, E. (2016). State, region and order: geopolitics of the Arab Spring. Third World Quarterly, 37 (12). Antwi-Boateng, O. (2013). The rise of Qatar as a soft power and the challenges. European Scientific Journal, 2 (Special Edition). Al Qassemi SS (2013,12 de julio). Al Jazeera’s awful week. Foreign Policy. Recuperado de http://www.foreignpolicy.com/articles/2013/07/11/al_jazeera_egypt_qatar_mu Al Qassemi, S. (2012b, 2 de agosto). Breaking the Arab News. Foreign Policy. Recuperado de http://foreignpolicy.com/2012/08/02/breaking-thearab-news/ Al Qassemi S. (2012a, 1 de julio). Morsi’s win is Al Jazeera’s loss. Al Monitor. Recuperado de http://www.almonitor.com/pulse/originals/2012/almonitor/morsyswinisal jazeerasloss.html Al Arabiya English (2013,9 de julio). ‘We aired lies’: Al Jazeera staff quit over ‘misleading’ Egypt coverage. Recuperado de https://english.alarabiya.net/en/media/2013/07/09/Al-Jazeera-employees-in-Egypt-quit-over-editorial-line-.html Abdelmoula, E. (2015). Al Jazeera and democratization: the rise of the Arab public sphere. London and New York: Routledge. Al Abdeh, M. (2012, 4 de octubre). The Media War in Syria. Majalla Magazine. Recuperado de http://eng.majalla.com/2012/10/article55234370/themedia-war-in-syria |
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