Melting sea ice, changing naval geopolitics: The impacts of climate change in the maritime delimitations in the Arctic and the challenges to the UNCLOS
Titulo:

Melting sea ice, changing naval geopolitics: The impacts of climate change in the maritime delimitations in the Arctic and the challenges to the UNCLOS
.

Sumario:

El Ártico, afectado profundamente por el cambio climático, experimenta una disminución de la criosfera en el Círculo Polar Ártico, vista por los Estados polares como una oportunidad económica y estratégica. Aunque esta “normalidad” ha generado desafíos geopolíticos en la región, marcada por la cooperación desde la Guerra Fría, ahora se transforma en conflicto. Rusia y los Estados occidentales intensifican operaciones militares, acusándose mutuamente de intensificación militar. No obstante, un aspecto subestimado es la evaluación geopolítica del deshielo y el aumento del nivel del mar, especialmente su impacto en la línea de marea baja y las regulaciones de la Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Derecho del Mar (Convemar). Este artícu... Ver más

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Oasis

1657-7558

2346-2132

Filippi, Eduardo Ernesto

Deiró de Mello Neto, Milton José

UNIVERSIDAD EXTERNADO DE COLOMBIA

10.18601/16577558.n40.08

2024-06-26

161

178

Colombia

Arctic;

Climate change;

Geopolitics;

UNCLOS;

Maritime disputes

Eduardo Ernesto Filippi, Milton José Deiró de Mello Neto - 2024

Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.

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http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2

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spelling Melting sea ice, changing naval geopolitics: The impacts of climate change in the maritime delimitations in the Arctic and the challenges to the UNCLOS
Melting sea ice, changing naval geopolitics: The impacts of climate change in the maritime delimitations in the Arctic and the challenges to the UNCLOS
El Ártico, afectado profundamente por el cambio climático, experimenta una disminución de la criosfera en el Círculo Polar Ártico, vista por los Estados polares como una oportunidad económica y estratégica. Aunque esta “normalidad” ha generado desafíos geopolíticos en la región, marcada por la cooperación desde la Guerra Fría, ahora se transforma en conflicto. Rusia y los Estados occidentales intensifican operaciones militares, acusándose mutuamente de intensificación militar. No obstante, un aspecto subestimado es la evaluación geopolítica del deshielo y el aumento del nivel del mar, especialmente su impacto en la línea de marea baja y las regulaciones de la Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Derecho del Mar (Convemar). Este artículo discute los resultados del aumento del nivel del mar en los aspectos territoriales y geopolíticos del océano Ártico.
The Arctic, deeply affected by climate change, is experiencing a shrinking cryo­sphere in the Arctic Circle, seen by polar states as an economic and strategic oppor­tunity. Although this “normality” has gen­erated geopolitical challenges in the region, marked by cooperation since the Cold War, it is now transformed into conflict. Russia and Western states intensify military opera­tions, accusing each other of military esca­lation. However, an underestimated aspect is the geopolitical assessment of melting ice and sea level rise, especially its impact on the low tide line and United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) regulations. This article discusses the results of sea level rise on the territorial and geopo­litical aspects of the Arctic Ocean.
Filippi, Eduardo Ernesto
Deiró de Mello Neto, Milton José
Ártico;
cambio climático;
geopolítica;
Convemar;
controversias marítimas
Arctic;
Climate change;
Geopolitics;
UNCLOS;
Maritime disputes
40
Núm. 40 , Año 2024 : Julio-Diciembre
Artículo de revista
Journal article
2024-06-26T16:23:50Z
2024-06-26T16:23:50Z
2024-06-26
application/pdf
Facultad de Finanzas, Gobierno y Relaciones Internacionales
Oasis
1657-7558
2346-2132
https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/oasis/article/view/9621
10.18601/16577558.n40.08
https://doi.org/10.18601/16577558.n40.08
spa
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Eduardo Ernesto Filippi, Milton José Deiró de Mello Neto - 2024
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
161
178
Anderson, A. (2009). After the ice: Life, death, and geopolitics in the New Arctic. Smithsonian.
Antrim, C. (2011). The Russian Arctic in the twenty-first fentury. In Kraska, J. (Ed.). Arctic security in an age of climate change. Cambridge University Press.
Árnadóttir, S. (2022). Climate change and maritime boundaries: Legal consequences of sea level rise. Cambridge University Press.
Baikalov, A. V. (1932). The conquest and colonisation of Siberia. The Slavonic and East European Review, 10(30), 557-571.
Biresselioglu, M. E., Demir, M. H., Solak, B., Kayacan, A., & Altinci, S. (2020). Investigating the trends in arctic research: The increasing role of social sciences and humanities. Science of the Total Environment, 729(139027). https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139027
Bruno, A. (2016) The nature of Soviet power: An Arctic environmental history. Cambridge University Press.
Burke, R. P. (2022). The Polar pivot: Great power competition in the Arctic and Antarctica. Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Bushkovich, P. (2012). A concise history of Russia. Cambridge University Press.
Chalecki, E. L. (2007). He who would rule: Climate change in the Arctic and its implications for U.S. National Security. Journal of Public & International Affairs, 18, 204-222.
Chen, J., Kang, S., Du, W., Guo, J., Xu, M., Zhang, Y., … Zhang, W. (2021). Perspectives on future sea ice and navigability in the Arctic. The Cryosphere, 15, 5473-5482. https://doi. org/10.5194/tc-15-5473-2021
Choudhary, S., Saalim, S. M., & Khare, N. (2021). Climate change over the Arctic: Impacts and assessment. In Khare, N. Understanding present and past Arctic environments: An Integrated approach from climate change perspectives. Elsevier.
Chylek, P., Folland, C., Klett, J. D., Wang, M., Hengartner, N., Lesins, G., & Dubey, M. K. (2022). Annual mean Arctic amplification 1970-2020: Observed and simulated by cmip6 climate models. Geophysical Research Letters, 49. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL099371
Ebinger, C. K., & Zambetakis, E. (2009). The geopolitics of Arctic melt. International Affairs, 85(6), 1215-1232.
Gascard, J., Riemann-Campe, K., Gerdes, R., Schyberg, H., Randriamampianina, R., Karcher, M., … Rafizadeh, M. (2017). Future sea ice conditions and weather forecasts in the Arctic: Implications for Arctic shipping. Ambio Journal of Environment and Society, 43(Suppl. 3), S355-S367. https://doi. org/10.1007/s13280-017-0951-5
Gilpin, R. (2010) War and change in world politics. Cambridge University Press.
Hogg J., Fonoberova M., & Mezić I. (2020). Exponentially decaying modes and long-term prediction of sea ice concentration using Koopman mode decomposition. Nature Scientific Reports. 10(1),16313. https://doi. org/10.1038/s41598-020-73211-z
Hønneland, G. (2016). Russia and the Arctic: Environment, identity and foreign policy. I.B.Taurius.
Hosking, G. (2011). Russia and the Russians: A history. Belknap Press.
International Court of Justice (2023). Question of the delimitation of the continental shelf between Nicaragua and Colombia beyond 200 nautical miles from the Nicaraguan coast (Nicaragua v. Colombia). https://www.icj-cij.org/case/154
Isaksen, I., Nordli, Ø. Ivanov, B. … & Karandasheva, T. (2022) Exceptional warming over the Barents area. Scientific Reports, 12(9731). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-13568-5
Jin, Y., Chen, M., Yan, H., Wang, T., & Yang, J. (2023). Sea level variation in the Arctic Ocean since 1979 based on oras5 data. Frontiers in Marine Science. https://doi.org/10.3389/ fmars.2023.1197456
Laruelle, M. (2014). Russia’s Arctic strategies and the future of the far north. M. E. Sharpe.
MacDonald, A. P. (2022). Becoming an “Arctic-Capable” navy: Not just the Arctic and offshore patrol ship. Canadian Military Journal, 22(2), 7-16. https://www.journal.forces.gc.ca/pdfs/ cmj222Ep7.pdf
McCannon, J. (2012). A history of the Arctic: Nature, exploration and exploitation. Reaktion Books.
McCrystall, M. R., Stroeve, J., Serreze, M. C., Forbes, B. C., & Screen, J. A. (2021). New climate models reveal faster and larger increases in Arctic precipitation than previously projected. Nature Communications 12(6765). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27031-y
Meier, W. Petty, A. Hendricks, S. Perovich, D. Farrell, S. … & Tian-Kunze, X. (2022). Sea Ice. NOAA technical report oar arc 22-06. https://doi.org/10.25923/xyp2-vz45
Pincus, R. (2020a). Three-way power dynamics in the Arctic. Strategic Studies Quarterly, 14(1), 40-63. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26891883
Pincus, R. (2020b). Towards a new Arctic: Changing strategic geography in the GIUK Gap. The RUSI Journal, 165(3), 50-58. https://doi.org/10.1080/03071847.2020.1769496
Rantanen, M., Karpechko, A. Y., Lipponen, A. Nordling, K., Hyvärinnen, O., Ruosteenoja, K., … Laaksonen, A. (2022). The Arctic has warmed nearly four times faster than the globe since 1979. Communications Earth and Environment, 3(168). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-022-00498-3
Serreze M. C., & Meier W. N. (2019). The Arctic’s sea ice cover: Trends, variability, predictability, and comparisons to the Antarctic. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1436(1), 36-53. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13856.Epub
Serreze, M. C. (2018). Brave New Arctic: The untold story of the melting north. Princeton University Press.
Serreze, M. C., Stroeve, J., Barrett, A. P. & Boisvert, L. N. (2016). Summer atmospheric circulation anomalies over the Arctic Ocean and their influences on September Sea ice extent: A cautionary tale. Journal of Geophysical Research, 121. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025161.
Serreze, M. C., Crawford, A., Stroeve, J. C., Barrett, A. P. and Woodgate, R. A. (2016). Variability, trends and predictability of seasonal sea ice retreat and advance in the Chukchi Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research, 121, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC011977.
Serreze, M. C., Barry, R. G. (2014). The Arctic climate system. Cambridge University Press.
Serreze M. C., Barry R. G. (2011). Processes and impacts of Arctic amplification: A research synthesis. Global Planetary Change 77(1- 2), 85-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.03.004
Strawa, A. W., Latshaw, G., Farkas, S., Russell, P., & Zornetzer, S. (2020). Arctic ice loss threatens national security: A path forward. Orbis, 64(4), 622-636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2020.08.010
Stroeve, J. Meier, W. (2011). Arctic Sea Ice Decline. In Liu, G. (Ed.). Greenhouse Gases: emission, measurement and management. Intech Open.
Tepes, P., Nienow, P., Gourmelen, N. (2021). Accelerating ice mass loss across Arctic Russia in response to atmospheric warming, sea ice decline, and Atlantification of the Eurasian Arctic shelf seas. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 126(7). https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JF006068
Tillman, H., Yang, J., Nielsson, E. T. (2018). The Polar silk road: China’s new frontier of international cooperation. China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies, 4(3), 345-362.
Todorov, A. (2023). Russia’s Arctic shelf bid and the commission on the limits of the continental shelf, explained. Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School. https://www.belfercenter.org/publi-cation/russias-arctic-shelf-bid-and-commission-limits-continental-shelf-explained
Wang, C., Liu, D., Xu, M., Yu, Y., Li, X., Gao, J., & Xing, W. (2016). The sustainable relationship between navigation of Arctic passages, Arctic resources, and the environment. Journal of Sustainable Development, 9(2), 127-136. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v9n2p127
Wu, B., & Li, Z. (2021). Possible impacts of anomalous Arctic sea ice melting on summer atmospheres. International Journal of Climatology, 42, 1818-1827. https://doi. org/10.1002/joc.7337
Zellen, B. S. (2009). Arctic doom, Arctic boom: Geopolitics of climate change in the Arctic. ABC Clio.
Zhou, X., Wang, B., Huang, F. (2022). Evaluating sea ice thickness simulation is critical for projecting a summer ice-free Arctic Ocean. Environmental Research Letters, 17(114033). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac9d4d
Zysk, K. (2020). Russia’s military build-up in the Arctic: To what end? Center for Naval Analyses, Norwegian Institute for Defence Studies. https://www.cna.org/reports/2020/09/IOP- 2020-U-027998-Final.pdf
https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/oasis/article/download/9621/16062
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title Melting sea ice, changing naval geopolitics: The impacts of climate change in the maritime delimitations in the Arctic and the challenges to the UNCLOS
spellingShingle Melting sea ice, changing naval geopolitics: The impacts of climate change in the maritime delimitations in the Arctic and the challenges to the UNCLOS
Filippi, Eduardo Ernesto
Deiró de Mello Neto, Milton José
Ártico;
cambio climático;
geopolítica;
Convemar;
controversias marítimas
Arctic;
Climate change;
Geopolitics;
UNCLOS;
Maritime disputes
title_short Melting sea ice, changing naval geopolitics: The impacts of climate change in the maritime delimitations in the Arctic and the challenges to the UNCLOS
title_full Melting sea ice, changing naval geopolitics: The impacts of climate change in the maritime delimitations in the Arctic and the challenges to the UNCLOS
title_fullStr Melting sea ice, changing naval geopolitics: The impacts of climate change in the maritime delimitations in the Arctic and the challenges to the UNCLOS
title_full_unstemmed Melting sea ice, changing naval geopolitics: The impacts of climate change in the maritime delimitations in the Arctic and the challenges to the UNCLOS
title_sort melting sea ice, changing naval geopolitics: the impacts of climate change in the maritime delimitations in the arctic and the challenges to the unclos
title_eng Melting sea ice, changing naval geopolitics: The impacts of climate change in the maritime delimitations in the Arctic and the challenges to the UNCLOS
description El Ártico, afectado profundamente por el cambio climático, experimenta una disminución de la criosfera en el Círculo Polar Ártico, vista por los Estados polares como una oportunidad económica y estratégica. Aunque esta “normalidad” ha generado desafíos geopolíticos en la región, marcada por la cooperación desde la Guerra Fría, ahora se transforma en conflicto. Rusia y los Estados occidentales intensifican operaciones militares, acusándose mutuamente de intensificación militar. No obstante, un aspecto subestimado es la evaluación geopolítica del deshielo y el aumento del nivel del mar, especialmente su impacto en la línea de marea baja y las regulaciones de la Convención de las Naciones Unidas sobre el Derecho del Mar (Convemar). Este artículo discute los resultados del aumento del nivel del mar en los aspectos territoriales y geopolíticos del océano Ártico.
description_eng The Arctic, deeply affected by climate change, is experiencing a shrinking cryo­sphere in the Arctic Circle, seen by polar states as an economic and strategic oppor­tunity. Although this “normality” has gen­erated geopolitical challenges in the region, marked by cooperation since the Cold War, it is now transformed into conflict. Russia and Western states intensify military opera­tions, accusing each other of military esca­lation. However, an underestimated aspect is the geopolitical assessment of melting ice and sea level rise, especially its impact on the low tide line and United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) regulations. This article discusses the results of sea level rise on the territorial and geopo­litical aspects of the Arctic Ocean.
author Filippi, Eduardo Ernesto
Deiró de Mello Neto, Milton José
author_facet Filippi, Eduardo Ernesto
Deiró de Mello Neto, Milton José
topic Ártico;
cambio climático;
geopolítica;
Convemar;
controversias marítimas
Arctic;
Climate change;
Geopolitics;
UNCLOS;
Maritime disputes
topic_facet Ártico;
cambio climático;
geopolítica;
Convemar;
controversias marítimas
Arctic;
Climate change;
Geopolitics;
UNCLOS;
Maritime disputes
topicspa_str_mv Arctic;
Climate change;
Geopolitics;
UNCLOS;
Maritime disputes
citationissue 40
citationedition Núm. 40 , Año 2024 : Julio-Diciembre
publisher Facultad de Finanzas, Gobierno y Relaciones Internacionales
ispartofjournal Oasis
source https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/oasis/article/view/9621
language spa
format Article
rights http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0
Eduardo Ernesto Filippi, Milton José Deiró de Mello Neto - 2024
Esta obra está bajo una licencia internacional Creative Commons Atribución-NoComercial-CompartirIgual 4.0.
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
http://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2
references Anderson, A. (2009). After the ice: Life, death, and geopolitics in the New Arctic. Smithsonian.
Antrim, C. (2011). The Russian Arctic in the twenty-first fentury. In Kraska, J. (Ed.). Arctic security in an age of climate change. Cambridge University Press.
Árnadóttir, S. (2022). Climate change and maritime boundaries: Legal consequences of sea level rise. Cambridge University Press.
Baikalov, A. V. (1932). The conquest and colonisation of Siberia. The Slavonic and East European Review, 10(30), 557-571.
Biresselioglu, M. E., Demir, M. H., Solak, B., Kayacan, A., & Altinci, S. (2020). Investigating the trends in arctic research: The increasing role of social sciences and humanities. Science of the Total Environment, 729(139027). https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139027
Bruno, A. (2016) The nature of Soviet power: An Arctic environmental history. Cambridge University Press.
Burke, R. P. (2022). The Polar pivot: Great power competition in the Arctic and Antarctica. Lynne Rienner Publishers.
Bushkovich, P. (2012). A concise history of Russia. Cambridge University Press.
Chalecki, E. L. (2007). He who would rule: Climate change in the Arctic and its implications for U.S. National Security. Journal of Public & International Affairs, 18, 204-222.
Chen, J., Kang, S., Du, W., Guo, J., Xu, M., Zhang, Y., … Zhang, W. (2021). Perspectives on future sea ice and navigability in the Arctic. The Cryosphere, 15, 5473-5482. https://doi. org/10.5194/tc-15-5473-2021
Choudhary, S., Saalim, S. M., & Khare, N. (2021). Climate change over the Arctic: Impacts and assessment. In Khare, N. Understanding present and past Arctic environments: An Integrated approach from climate change perspectives. Elsevier.
Chylek, P., Folland, C., Klett, J. D., Wang, M., Hengartner, N., Lesins, G., & Dubey, M. K. (2022). Annual mean Arctic amplification 1970-2020: Observed and simulated by cmip6 climate models. Geophysical Research Letters, 49. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL099371
Ebinger, C. K., & Zambetakis, E. (2009). The geopolitics of Arctic melt. International Affairs, 85(6), 1215-1232.
Gascard, J., Riemann-Campe, K., Gerdes, R., Schyberg, H., Randriamampianina, R., Karcher, M., … Rafizadeh, M. (2017). Future sea ice conditions and weather forecasts in the Arctic: Implications for Arctic shipping. Ambio Journal of Environment and Society, 43(Suppl. 3), S355-S367. https://doi. org/10.1007/s13280-017-0951-5
Gilpin, R. (2010) War and change in world politics. Cambridge University Press.
Hogg J., Fonoberova M., & Mezić I. (2020). Exponentially decaying modes and long-term prediction of sea ice concentration using Koopman mode decomposition. Nature Scientific Reports. 10(1),16313. https://doi. org/10.1038/s41598-020-73211-z
Hønneland, G. (2016). Russia and the Arctic: Environment, identity and foreign policy. I.B.Taurius.
Hosking, G. (2011). Russia and the Russians: A history. Belknap Press.
International Court of Justice (2023). Question of the delimitation of the continental shelf between Nicaragua and Colombia beyond 200 nautical miles from the Nicaraguan coast (Nicaragua v. Colombia). https://www.icj-cij.org/case/154
Isaksen, I., Nordli, Ø. Ivanov, B. … & Karandasheva, T. (2022) Exceptional warming over the Barents area. Scientific Reports, 12(9731). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-13568-5
Jin, Y., Chen, M., Yan, H., Wang, T., & Yang, J. (2023). Sea level variation in the Arctic Ocean since 1979 based on oras5 data. Frontiers in Marine Science. https://doi.org/10.3389/ fmars.2023.1197456
Laruelle, M. (2014). Russia’s Arctic strategies and the future of the far north. M. E. Sharpe.
MacDonald, A. P. (2022). Becoming an “Arctic-Capable” navy: Not just the Arctic and offshore patrol ship. Canadian Military Journal, 22(2), 7-16. https://www.journal.forces.gc.ca/pdfs/ cmj222Ep7.pdf
McCannon, J. (2012). A history of the Arctic: Nature, exploration and exploitation. Reaktion Books.
McCrystall, M. R., Stroeve, J., Serreze, M. C., Forbes, B. C., & Screen, J. A. (2021). New climate models reveal faster and larger increases in Arctic precipitation than previously projected. Nature Communications 12(6765). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-27031-y
Meier, W. Petty, A. Hendricks, S. Perovich, D. Farrell, S. … & Tian-Kunze, X. (2022). Sea Ice. NOAA technical report oar arc 22-06. https://doi.org/10.25923/xyp2-vz45
Pincus, R. (2020a). Three-way power dynamics in the Arctic. Strategic Studies Quarterly, 14(1), 40-63. https://www.jstor.org/stable/26891883
Pincus, R. (2020b). Towards a new Arctic: Changing strategic geography in the GIUK Gap. The RUSI Journal, 165(3), 50-58. https://doi.org/10.1080/03071847.2020.1769496
Rantanen, M., Karpechko, A. Y., Lipponen, A. Nordling, K., Hyvärinnen, O., Ruosteenoja, K., … Laaksonen, A. (2022). The Arctic has warmed nearly four times faster than the globe since 1979. Communications Earth and Environment, 3(168). https://doi.org/10.1038/s43247-022-00498-3
Serreze M. C., & Meier W. N. (2019). The Arctic’s sea ice cover: Trends, variability, predictability, and comparisons to the Antarctic. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1436(1), 36-53. https://doi.org/10.1111/nyas.13856.Epub
Serreze, M. C. (2018). Brave New Arctic: The untold story of the melting north. Princeton University Press.
Serreze, M. C., Stroeve, J., Barrett, A. P. & Boisvert, L. N. (2016). Summer atmospheric circulation anomalies over the Arctic Ocean and their influences on September Sea ice extent: A cautionary tale. Journal of Geophysical Research, 121. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025161.
Serreze, M. C., Crawford, A., Stroeve, J. C., Barrett, A. P. and Woodgate, R. A. (2016). Variability, trends and predictability of seasonal sea ice retreat and advance in the Chukchi Sea. Journal of Geophysical Research, 121, https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JC011977.
Serreze, M. C., Barry, R. G. (2014). The Arctic climate system. Cambridge University Press.
Serreze M. C., Barry R. G. (2011). Processes and impacts of Arctic amplification: A research synthesis. Global Planetary Change 77(1- 2), 85-96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2011.03.004
Strawa, A. W., Latshaw, G., Farkas, S., Russell, P., & Zornetzer, S. (2020). Arctic ice loss threatens national security: A path forward. Orbis, 64(4), 622-636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2020.08.010
Stroeve, J. Meier, W. (2011). Arctic Sea Ice Decline. In Liu, G. (Ed.). Greenhouse Gases: emission, measurement and management. Intech Open.
Tepes, P., Nienow, P., Gourmelen, N. (2021). Accelerating ice mass loss across Arctic Russia in response to atmospheric warming, sea ice decline, and Atlantification of the Eurasian Arctic shelf seas. Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface, 126(7). https://doi.org/10.1029/2021JF006068
Tillman, H., Yang, J., Nielsson, E. T. (2018). The Polar silk road: China’s new frontier of international cooperation. China Quarterly of International Strategic Studies, 4(3), 345-362.
Todorov, A. (2023). Russia’s Arctic shelf bid and the commission on the limits of the continental shelf, explained. Belfer Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard Kennedy School. https://www.belfercenter.org/publi-cation/russias-arctic-shelf-bid-and-commission-limits-continental-shelf-explained
Wang, C., Liu, D., Xu, M., Yu, Y., Li, X., Gao, J., & Xing, W. (2016). The sustainable relationship between navigation of Arctic passages, Arctic resources, and the environment. Journal of Sustainable Development, 9(2), 127-136. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jsd.v9n2p127
Wu, B., & Li, Z. (2021). Possible impacts of anomalous Arctic sea ice melting on summer atmospheres. International Journal of Climatology, 42, 1818-1827. https://doi. org/10.1002/joc.7337
Zellen, B. S. (2009). Arctic doom, Arctic boom: Geopolitics of climate change in the Arctic. ABC Clio.
Zhou, X., Wang, B., Huang, F. (2022). Evaluating sea ice thickness simulation is critical for projecting a summer ice-free Arctic Ocean. Environmental Research Letters, 17(114033). https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac9d4d
Zysk, K. (2020). Russia’s military build-up in the Arctic: To what end? Center for Naval Analyses, Norwegian Institute for Defence Studies. https://www.cna.org/reports/2020/09/IOP- 2020-U-027998-Final.pdf
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publishDate 2024-06-26
date_accessioned 2024-06-26T16:23:50Z
date_available 2024-06-26T16:23:50Z
url https://revistas.uexternado.edu.co/index.php/oasis/article/view/9621
url_doi https://doi.org/10.18601/16577558.n40.08
issn 1657-7558
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doi 10.18601/16577558.n40.08
citationstartpage 161
citationendpage 178
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